The High Quality Drinking Water - 1392 Words

All of us need water; our body is made approximately of 60% of water. This liquid is so important for us that over the years the way in which it is delivered to the consumer had developed to increase the quality of the final product. In order to give to the consumer high quality drinking water, the distribution systems had to be developed to insure that the same water in which goes out of the water treatment plant is the water in which goes out of the consumer’s sink. Over the years some methods were studied to guaranty that the water consumed by the consumer not lose its quality over the distribution system, wasting the work of the water treatment plants. Among these processes, the conventional flushing obtained more attention due to its†¦show more content†¦A preliminary study of the current flushing operations of the utility along a complete framework of the operations before, during, and after the unidirectional flushing are necessary to achieve the best performance of this process. Different strategies can be taken in order to achieve the utility’s objective, such as decrease customer’s complaints, increase water quality, increase chlorine residual, or increase water pressure. The complexity of this process may require a specialized manpower to develop the flushing program, as well as a trained flushing crew, what can increase the total amount of money spent with the whole process. In result of the increase of money that may be spent with a unidirectional flushing program, analysis of cost and benefits need to be made, determining the best way to reach the objective, spending the smallest amount of money possible. However, to analyze the complete program is necessary take into account the quantifiable and the unquantifiable components, in which include since the amount of water spent until the taste and odor of water, associating real-dollar values to all of them. Together with the concern about the drinking water quality, the energy management has concerned the scientists. Since that a large amount of energy is spent by the water treatment plants, mainly pumping the water through the distribution system, efforts have been led in order to develop

Morphology of Dragonflies Free Essays

Lab Section 1 Wednesday 1:10-4:00 M. Moore Zoology Lab #1 Morphology of Dragonflies In analyzing the morphology of dragonflies by looking at two different time periods and the water levels, data was found to illustrate that body size might be directly influenced by water levels. By looking at the dragonfly species Sympetrum vincinum during the 2001 drought and 2008 normal rainfall, the data showed that there was no statistical difference in abdomen depth (p value 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Morphology of Dragonflies or any similar topic only for you Order Now 20741). There was a statistical difference in forewing length (p value 0. 006), hindwing area (p value 0. 000164) and thorax depth (p value 0. 0001). The means provided from the different species showed that there was a small difference from 2001 to 2008 and that the 2008 data was smaller with the normal amount of rainfall opposed to the 2001 draught. The Mean for 2001 of the Forewing length (23. 30mm), Hindwing area (169. 88mm2), thorax depth (6. 04mm), abdomen length (21. 08mm), were larger than 2008. The 2008 means are as follows, Forewing Length (22. 06mm), Hindwing Area (148. 61mm2), Thorax Depth (5. 25mm) and Abdomen Length (20. 0mm). In the study â€Å"Fitness and body size in mature odonates† it was found that body size has an important role in the fitness of dragonflies and is directly related to their ability to reproduce and survive (Sokolovska, Rowe, and Johansson 2000). Through this study it was found that there was no statistical difference in the abdomen depth from 2001 and 2008 with varying water levels. This suggests that the dragonflies did not change their abdomen size because that particular size was the one that best aided their fitness, not relying on water levels. Egg Laying in Petrels: Successful versus Failed Eggs In the comparison of the successful eggs and the failed eggs, there was a statistical difference between them concerning the egg’s length, breadth and mass. This leads to idea that the failed eggs were not cared for as well as the successful eggs had been. For the comparison of the successful versus the failed eggs, the egg length (p value 0. 01849), egg breadth (p value 0. 00057) and the egg mass (p value 0. 00057). In the study of â€Å"Leach’s Storm- Petrel done by Huntington et al. n 1996, they found that there may be various reasons why there are unsuccessful egg hatching with these birds. In the data analysis of the successful versus the failed eggs the reasons that there is a statistical difference between them may be because of nesting site, incubation time, or size of parental birds (Huntington et al. 1996). There are many factors to contribute to the reasons why there is a statistical difference between the sizes of the successful versus failed eggs. This data proves that there is a significant difference between the egg sizes and this will lead to further studies to gain more information. Egg Laying in Guillemots: Inter- Year Effects The data found from the analysis of measuring the length and breadth of eggs from Guillemonts to see when the birds had better reproduction ability from the first year of their breeding in comparison to their second or third year. The data illustrated a statistical difference between the egg length and breadth from the first year to the second or third year. The birds produced larger eggs in their first year of breeding in comparison to their second or third year breeding. The length comparison between first year and second or third year (p value 0. 00036) and the breadth comparison was (p value 0. 019112), which both exhibit a significant statistical difference. The egg size and shape varies on many different factors including the environment, the age of the female and when the eggs are laid (Butler and Buckley 2002). This analysis proves the point that egg size is affected by the age of the female and that the first breeding season of the female produces the best eggs. Works Cited Butler, G. R. , Buckley, E. D. 2002. Black Guillemot. The Birds of North America, No. 675. Huntington, E. C. , Butler, G. R. , and Mauck A. R. 1996. Leach’s Storm- Petrel. The Birds of North America, No. 233. Sokolovska N. , Rowe L. , and Johansson F. 2000. Fitness and body size in mature odondates. Ecological Entomology, 25:239-248. Table 3. Wing Variable recorded for male Sympetrum vincinum at Lemon Stream in Franklin County (ME) in September 2001 and September 2008. Table 3. . Morphological variables recorded for male Sympetrum vincinum at Lemon Stream in Franklin County (ME) in September 2001 and September 2008. Table 6. Egg measurements collected on Great Island (Newfoundland, Canada) from nesting Leach’s Storm-petrels in 1983 (from Butler, unpublished data). Table 9. Black Guillemot egg measurements collected on Great Duck Island (Hancock County, Maine) from banded adults in their 1st and 2nd and 3rd breeding seasons 1991 and 1993 (Butler and Barkley 2 002). How to cite Morphology of Dragonflies, Papers

Ignition System and Spark Plug Wire free essay sample

The two major tasks performed by an ignition system ate to ____ and to _____. A. ) Provide sufficient electrical voltage and to discharge a spark between electrodes of the spark plug. 2. ) If a four-cycle engine runs at 3600 rpm, and the number of sparks per minute required at the spark plug would be ______per minute. A. ) 1800 3. ) Name the six main electrode components that make up the magneto ignition system. A. ) Permanent magnets, High tension coil, Mechanical or electronic switching device, Condenser, High tension spark plug wire, Spark plug 4. Regarding atoms _______. A. ) C 5. ) The electron theory states that ________. A. ) B 6. ) Substances that have electrons that can move freely from atom to atom are said to be good ___________. A. ) A 7. ) List three good electrical current conductors. A. ) Cooper, aluminum and silver 8. ) List three good insulating materials. A. ) Glass, mica and rubber 9. ) A source of electricity__________. A. ) D 10. ) Electrical current in a battery flows from ________. A. ) B 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Ignition System and Spark Plug Wire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page )Electrical current in the primary current of a battery ignition system flows from _______________. A. ) B 12. ) What are the three ways in which an electrical potential can be produced? A. ) Mechanically, Chemically, Statically 13. ) Match the units of electrical measurement: A. ) A. ) AMPERS rate of electron flow B. ) OHMS resistance flow c. ) VOLTS electrical potential 14. ) In a circuit with 5 volts and 2 ampers ohms the voltage would be _______. A. ) 10 15. ) In a circuit with 12 volts and 5 ampers the restiance would be ________ ohms. A. ) 2. 4 16. ) Soft iron used in the laminations of a coil or transformer has_____________. A. ) a 17. What happens when a coil of wire is passed through a magnetic field? A. ) Magnetic field is cut by the wire and current will flow. 18. ) What happens when electric current is passed through a coil or wire? A. ) It will produce a magnetic field around itself and around each turn of wire in coil. 19. ) In the ignition coil, the primary winding has___________. A. ) many turns of light gage wire. 20. ) The coil acts as a transformer that _________ ___. A. ) d 21. ) The greatest resistance to the highest voltage in the ignition circuit occurs at ___________. A. a 22. ) Would a cool spark plug have a short or long insulator nose? A. ) Short 23. ) Spark plugs of the cool type should always be matched with cool running engines. True or false? A. ) 24. ) The devise used by engineers and technicians to measure spark plug temperatures under running conditions is a(n)______________ _____________. A. ) 25. ) Breaker point contacts are made of a very hard material called_______________. A. ) 26. ) When the breaker points in the magneto are closed, ___________. A. ) 27. ) The spark plug fires when __________. A. ) 28. The condenser acts as a voltage reservoir or shock absorber for the primary circuit. Its primary purpose is to prevent ___________. A. ) 29. ) When the breaker points open, voltage in the primary circuit may surge to as much as ______________. A. ) 30. ) The stop switch grounds the __________. A. ) 31. ) When connecting the auto-type i gnition coin in the circuit, the positive terminal of the battery must be connected to ____________. A. ) 32. ) When breaker points are set with a wider gap the dwell ____________. A. ) 33. ) Name 5 advantages of a solid state ignition system. A. )